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Open Access Review

Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making

by Yuxin Shang 1 ,  Xinting Huang 2  and  Ke Song 1,*
1
West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
2
Clinical Medical College, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
AI Med  2025 1(3):15; https://doi.org/10.71423/aimed.20251206
Received: 16 October 2025 / Accepted: 1 December 2025 / Published Online: 6 December 2025
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Abstract

Recent increases in overweight and obesity have established Metabolic–Bariatric Surgery (MBS) as a principal intervention for durable weight reduction and metabolic improvement. Given the elevated perioperative complication risk among patients with obesity, there is a growing imperative to enhance the precision of preoperative management. This review synthesizes evidence from 2020–2025 on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) to bariatric surgery preoperative assessment, focusing on machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and large language models (LLMs). We summarize AI applications across three domains: preoperative risk prediction and individual assessment, patient stratification and procedure selection, and preoperative education and surgical training. The evidence suggests that integrating AI into routine preoperative workflows enables individualized, quantitative estimation of high-risk complications and weight-loss prognosis, thereby optimizing risk management; it can also support patient stratification and procedure matching to facilitate patient-centered shared decision-making; and NLP- and vision-based tools promote standardization and visualization of knowledge for patients and surgeons. Overall, AI is driving preoperative assessment toward greater individualization, interpretability, and multidisciplinary coordination, but its clinical generalizability requires validation in multicenter, prospective studies.

Keywords: Bariatric Surgery; Obesity; Artificial Intelligence; Preoperative Period;
Copyright: © 2025 by Shang, Huang and Song. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) (Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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APA Style
Shang, Y., Huang, X., & Song, K. (2025). Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making. AI Med, 1(3), 15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
ACS Style
Shang, Y.; Huang, X.; Song, K. Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making. AI Med, 2025, 1, 15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
AMA Style
Shang Y., Huang X., Song K.. Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making. AI Med; 2025, 1(3):15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
Chicago/Turabian Style
Shang, Yuxin; Huang, Xinting; Song, Ke 2025. "Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making" AI Med 1, no.3:15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
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APA Style
Shang, Y., Huang, X., & Song, K. (2025). Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making. AI Med, 1(3), 15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
ACS Style
Shang, Y.; Huang, X.; Song, K. Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making. AI Med, 2025, 1, 15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
AMA Style
Shang Y., Huang X., Song K.. Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making. AI Med; 2025, 1(3):15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
Chicago/Turabian Style
Shang, Yuxin; Huang, Xinting; Song, Ke 2025. "Machine Learning and Large Language Models in Preoperative Bariatric Surgery: From Risk Assessment to Shared Decision-Making" AI Med 1, no.3:15. doi:10.71423/aimed.20251206
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