Application of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions

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AI Med cover, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2025)
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Submitted: 2024-12-04
Accepted: 2025-01-01
Published: 2025-02-02
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71423/aimed.20250101
Keywords:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors, renal cell carcinoma, treatment status, challenges, future directions

Main Article Content

Lingxiang Ran
Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
Rui Zhao
Acupuncture Center, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
Yu Li
College of Basic Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, liaoning, China
Benfan Lin
Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, zhejiang, China
Zhen Yang
Medical College, Shantou University, Jinan, Shantou, China
Yuanyin Teng
Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, zhejiang, China
Jingyi Li
Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
Shi Wang
Department of surgery, Danyang Community Health Service Center, Hengxi Sub-district of Jiangning District, Nanjing, China
Hsu Yi Liang
Electrical engineering, Monash University, Clayton City, State Victory, Australia
Guangmo Hu
Department of Urology, the first people's hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui, China

Abstract

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment landscape of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), significantly enhanced patient outcomes and expanded therapeutic options beyond traditional surgical and targeted approaches. In this review, we provide a comprehensive review of the current applications of ICI in RCC therapy, elucidating their mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy across both clear cell and non-clear cell subtypes, and safety profiles. We compare the effectiveness of monotherapy versus combination therapies, demonstrating how synergistic approaches can improve efficacy and durability of responses. Furthermore, we explore the integration of multi-omics technologies, such as single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, which are pivotal in predicting ICI response and addressing resistance mechanisms. Our discussion also addresses the critical challenges in RCC immunotherapy, including primary and acquired resistance, economic and ethical barriers, and the management of immune-related adverse events. By synthesizing current research and clinical findings, this review aims to provide valuable insights for optimizing RCC immunotherapy, fostering the development of more effective and individualized treatment protocols, and ultimately improving patient survival and quality of life.
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Vol. 1 No. 1 (2025)

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Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Ran, L., Zhao, R., Li, Y., Lin, B., Yang, Z., Teng, Y., Li, J., Wang, S., Liang, H. Y., & Hu, G. (2025). Application of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions. AI Med, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.71423/aimed.20250101

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